Angustifoliae clade, which has high similarity in terms of morphology and root shape. viscidula) all belong to the Scutellaria subgen. baicalensis and its substitute species (S. baicalensis remains unclear.Īccording to the Flora of China ( Wu and Li, 1977), S. Despite their important medicinal value, the genetic and chemical diversity of these substitutes for S. viscidula was listed in the Drug Standard of Jilin Province (1977) as Radix Scutellariae Viscidula and described as useful for treating cough, jaundice, diarrhea, and swelling and pain of the eye and for preventing miscarriage. amoena is listed as Scutellariae Amoenae Radix (Xi’nan Huangqin) and described as useful for treating fever, cough, hemoptoe, jaundice, diarrhea, and carbuncles and for preventing miscarriage. In addition, in the current standard Quality standard of Chinese and ethnic medicinal materials in Guizhou Province (2003), the root of S.
patentipilosa is used to prevent miscarriage and bleeding. In the current Sichuan Standard for Traditional Chinese Medicine (2010), Scutellariae Amoenae Radix (Chuan Huang Qin) originating from the roots of S. These alternatives have been used as herbal folk medicines for a long time and are listed in some local flora and local standards for traditional Chinese medicine. baicalensis, and they have abundant natural medicinal resources and have been widely used as substitutes for Scutellariae Radix in China ( Shen et al., 2021). viscidula, are similar in shape to the roots of S. According to research, the roots of some closely related species, such as S. baicalensis, has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years and is officially recorded in successive editions of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia ( Wang et al., 2018). Scutellariae Radix, consisting of the roots of S. baicalensis is the most widely studied species in Scutellaria. Scutellaria species are rich in flavonoids and terpenoids, and the main compounds baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin have been evaluated in clinical trials ( Shen et al., 2021). According to records, 72 species in this genus have been used with a long history as traditional herbal medicines to treat various diseases, such as cancer and inflammatory, hepatic, gastric, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases ( Marsh et al., 2014 Grzegorczyk-Karolak et al., 2016 Wang et al., 2018, 2020). Scutellaria is a significant genus in the family Lamiaceae, which includes approximately 360–469 accepted species worldwide ( Ranjbar and Mahmoudi, 2017 Safikhani et al., 2018 Zhao et al., 2020 Shen et al., 2021). baicalensis were performed here for the first time, and their pharmacophylogenetic relationships were further explored, providing a scientific basis for the subsequent development of the medicinal value and resource utilization of Scutellaria.
Genetic and chemical analyses of four substitute medicinal species for S. likiangensis, all parts of the substitute species showed high contents of baicalin. The metabolomics and content determination analyses showed that the four species exhibit a metabolism similar to that of S. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the subdivision of the genus Scutellaria should be reconsidered. baicalensis and its four substitutes, one hypervariable region ( petA- psbL) is proposed as a potential DNA barcode.
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The full lengths of their chloroplast genomes ranged from 151,574 to 151,816 bp with an average GC content of 38.34%, and a total of 113 genes were annotated. baicalensis and its four substitute species. In addition, metabolomics analyses were performed and the contents of the main active compounds were determined to reveal the interspecific chemical diversity of S. baicalensis were assembled, and comparative and phylogenetic analyses were performed with these species and other Scutellaria relatives. In this study, the chloroplast genomes of four substitute species for S. viscidula) in traditional medicines make their specialized metabolism important in China, but interspecific genetic and chemical differences have rarely been reported for these species. baicalensis and its four substitute medicinal species ( S.
The genetic relationships among the species in Scutellaria genus remain unclear because of the variation in the number of species and complex trait. 3State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.2School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
1Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.Jie Shen 1,2, Pei Li 1, Yue Wang 1, Kailing Yang 1, Yue Li 1, Hui Yao 1, Qiang Wang 3, Peigen Xiao 1 and Chunnian He 1*
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